| Petronas Towers | |
|---|---|
| பெட்ரோனாஸ் கோபுரங்கள் 大马国油双峰塔 | |
 | |
| Alternative names | Menara Petronas Menara Berkembar Petronas |
| Record height | |
| Preceded by | Willis Tower |
| Surpassed by | Taipei 101 |
| Information | |
| Type | Commercial offices |
| Location | Jalan Ampang Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Coordinates | 3.15785°N 101.71165°ECoordinates: 3.15785°N 101.71165°E |
| Owner | KLCC Holdings Sdn Bhd |
| Started | 1992 |
| Completed | 1998 |
| Antenna spire | 451.9 m (1,483 ft) |
| Roof | 378.6 m (1,242 ft) |
| Top floor | 375 m (1,230 ft) |
| Floor count | 88 |
| Floor area | 395,000 m2 (4,252,000 sq ft) |
| Elevator count | 78 |
| Main contractor | Tower1: Hazama Corporation Tower2: Samsung Engineering & Construction and Kukdong Engineering & Construction City Center: B.L. Harbert International |
| Cost | US$1.6 billion |
| Architect | César Pelli |
| Developer | KLCC Holdings Sdn Bhd |
| Structural engineer | Thornton Tomasetti |
| References | |
| [1][2][3][4] | |
Contents
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Comparison with other towers
History
Designed by Argentine architects César Pelli and Djay Cerico under the consultancy of Julius Gold and Filipino engineer Domingo Basa, the Petronas Towers were completed in 1998 after a seven year build and became the tallest buildings in the world on the date of completion.[10] They were built on the site of Kuala Lumpur's race track.[11] Because of the depth of the bedrock, the buildings were built on the world's deepest foundations.[12] The 120-meter foundations were built within 12 months by Bachy Soletanche and required massive amounts of concrete.[13] Its engineering designs on structural framework were contributed by Haitian engineer Domo Obiasse and colleagues Aris Battista and Princess D Battista.The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim religion.[14] Another Islamic influence on the design is that the cross section of the towers is based on a Rub el Hizb, albeit with circular sectors added to meet office space requirements.[15] Tower 1 was built by a Japanese consortium led by the Hazama Corporation while Tower 2 was built by Samsung C&T and Kukdong Engineering & Construction, both South Korean contractors.[citation needed] The sky bridge contract was completed by Kukdong Engineering & Construction. Thus, Tower 2 became the first to reach the world's tallest building at the time.[16]
Due to a lack of steel and the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper radical design of super high-strength reinforced concrete.[17] High-strength concrete is a material familiar to Asian contractors and twice as effective as steel in sway reduction; however, it makes the building twice as heavy on its foundation than a comparable steel building. Supported by 23-by-23 metre concrete cores[18] and an outer ring of widely spaced super columns, the towers use a sophisticated structural system that accommodates its slender profile and provides 560,000 square metres of column-free office space.[19] Below the twin towers is Suria KLCC, a shopping mall, and Dewan Filharmonik Petronas, the home of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra.
Other buildings have used spires to increase their height but have always been taller overall to the pinnacle when trying to claim the title. In the aftermath of the controversy, the rules governing official titles were partially overhauled, and a number of buildings re-classified structural antenna as architectural details to boost their height rating even though nothing was actually done to the building.
Anchor tenants
Suria KLCC
Main article: Suria KLCC
Suria KLCC is a 1,500,000 sq ft (139,000 m2) upmarket retail podium at the feet of the Petronas Towers. It features mostly foreign luxury goods and high-street labels. Its attractions include an art gallery, a philharmonic theater, an underwater aquarium and also a Science centre.KLCC park
Main article: KLCC Park
Spanning 17 acres (6.9 ha) below the building is the KLCC park with jogging and walking paths, a fountain with incorporated light show, wading pools, and a children's playground. Suria KLCC is one of the largest shopping malls in Malaysia.[21]Skybridge
The towers feature a skybridge between the two towers on 41st and 42nd floors, which is the highest 2-story bridge in the world.[22] It is not attached to the main structure, but is instead designed to slide in and out of the towers to prevent it from breaking during high winds.[23] The bridge is 170 m (558 ft) above the ground and 58 m (190 ft) long, weighing 750 tons.[24] The same floor is also known as the podium, since visitors desiring to go to higher levels have to change elevators here. The skybridge is open to all visitors, but tickets are limited to 1700 people per day, and must be obtained for free on a first-come, first-served basis.[25] Visitors are only allowed on the 41st floor as the 42nd floor can only be used by the tenants of the building.[26]The skybridge also acts as a safety device, so that in the event of a fire or other emergency in one tower, tenants can evacuate by crossing the skybridge to the other tower.[27] The total evacuation triggered by a bomb hoax on September 12, 2001 (the day after the September 11 attacks destroyed the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City) showed that the bridge would not be useful if both towers need to be emptied simultaneously, as the capacity of the staircases was insufficient for such an event.[28] Plans thus call for the lifts to be used if both towers need to be evacuated, and a successful drill following the revised plan was conducted in 2005.
Lift system
The main bank of Otis Lifts is located in the centre of each tower. All main lifts are double-decker with the lower deck of the lift taking passengers to odd numbered floors and upper deck to even numbered floors. To reach an even-numbered floor from ground level, passengers must take an escalator to the upper deck of the lift.[29]From the ground floor, there are three groups of lifts. The "short haul" group of 6 lifts take passengers to floors between level 2/3 and level 16/17. The "mid haul" group of six lifts take passengers to floors between level 18/19 and level 37/38. There is also a set of shuttle lifts that take passengers directly to levels 41/42. To get to levels above 41/42, passengers must take the shuttle lifts, then change to lifts to the upper floors. These connecting lifts are directly above the lifts that serve levels 2 to 38. The pattern now repeats with the upper levels, one set serving levels 43/44 to 57/58 and one set serving levels 59/60 to levels 73/74.[29]
Apart from this main bank of lifts, there are a series of "connecting" lifts to take people between the groups. Unlike the main lifts, these are not the double-decker type. Two lifts are provided to take people from levels 37/38 to levels 41/42 (levels 39 and 40 are not accessible as office space). This spares someone in the lower half of the building from having to go back to the ground floor to go to the upper half of the building.
The lifts contain a number of safety features. It is possible to evacuate people from a lift stuck between floors by manually driving one of the adjacent lifts next to it and opening a panel in the wall. It is then possible for people in the stuck lift to walk between lift cars.[30] During an evacuation of the buildings, only the shuttle lift is allowed to be used, as there are only doors at levels G/1 and levels 41/42; therefore should there be a fire in the lower half of the building, this enclosed shaft would remain unaffected. Firefighter lifts are also provided in case of emergency.[30]
Service building
The service building is to the east of the Petronas Towers and contains the services required to keep the building operational, such as dissipating the heat from the air-conditioning system for all 88 levels in both towers.Notable events
Thousands of people were evacuated on 12 September 2001 after a bomb threat was phoned in the day after the attacks destroyed the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Bomb Disposal squads found no bomb in the Petronas towers but they evacuated everyone. Workers and shoppers were allowed to return three hours later, around noon. No one was hurt during the evacuation.[31]On the evening of 4th November, 2005, a fire broke out in the cinema complex of the Suria KLCC shopping centre below the Petronas Towers, triggering panic among patrons who joined screaming in the thick, acrid smoke. There were no reports of injuries. The buildings were largely empty, except the shopping mall, Suria KLCC, because of the late hour; the only people involved were moviegoers and some diners in restaurants.[32]
On the morning of 1 September 2009, French urban climber, Alain "Spiderman" Robert, using only his bare hands and feet and with no safety devices, scaled to the top of Tower Two in just under 2 hours after two previous efforts had ended in arrest.[33] On 20th March, 1997, police arrested him at the 60th floor, 28 floors away from the "summit." He made a second attempt on 20 March 2007, exactly 10 years later, and was stopped once again on the same floor, though on the other tower.[34]
In 1999, Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta-Jones starred in the movie Entrapment. The location setting of the climax was filmed at the skybridge. The story mainly tells about 2 skilled robbers breaking into the biggest vault in the world.
Quotations
A quote by the building's main architect:"According to Lao Tse, the reality of a hollow object is in the void and not in the walls that define it. He was speaking, of course, of spiritual realities. These are the realities also of the Petronas Towers. The power of the void is increased and made more explicit by the pedestrian bridge that ... with its supporting structure creates a portal to the sky ... a door to the infinite."[35]
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- —César Pelli, architect (1995)
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