Grumman F9F Panther

F9F Panther
An F9F-2 of VF-21 on the USS Midway in 1952
Role	Fighter-bomber
Manufacturer	Grumman
First flight	24 November 1947
Retired	1958, U.S. Navy 1969, Argentina
Primary users	United States Navy United States Marine Corps Argentine Navy
Number built	1,382
Developed into	F-9 Cougar

The Grumman F9F Panther was the manufacturer's first jet fighter and one of the U.S. Navy's first successful carrier-based jet fighters. The Panther was the most widely used U.S. Navy jet fighter of the Korean War, flying 78,000 sorties and scoring the first air-to-air kill by the US Navy in the war, the downing of a North Korean Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter. Total F9F production was 1,382, with several variants being exported to Argentina.

Contents 1 Design and development 2 Operational history 2.1 US Navy 2.2 Argentine Navy 3 Variants 4 Operators 5 Specifications (F9F-2 Panther) 6 Popular culture

Design and development

The XF9F-2 and XF9F-3 prototypes in 1948

Development studies at the Grumman company began near the end of the World War II as the first jet engines emerged. The prototype Panther, piloted by test pilot Corky Meyer, first flew on 24 November 1947.^[1] Propulsion was a Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet built under license by Pratt & Whitney as the J42. Since there was insufficient space within the wings and fuselage for fuel for the thirsty jet, permanently-mounted wingtip fuel tanks were added which incidentally improved the fighter's rate of roll.^[2] It was cleared for flight from aircraft carriers in September 1949. During the development phase, Grumman decided to change the Panther's engine, selecting the Pratt & Whitney J48-P-2, a license built version of the Rolls-Royce RB.44 Tay. The other engine that had been tested was the Allison J33-A-16. The armament was a quartet of 20 mm guns, the Navy having already switched to this caliber (as opposed to the USAAF/USAF which continued to use 12.7 mm M2/M3 guns). Panther soon was armed as well with underwing air-to ground rockets and bombs, up to 2,000 lbs.
From 1946, a swept-wing version was considered and after concerns about the Panther's inferiority to its MiG opponents in Korea, a conversion of the Panther (Design 93) resulted in a swept-wing derivative of the Panther, the Grumman F9F Cougar, which retained the Panther's designation number.^[3]

Operational history

US Navy

A VF-111 F9F-2 dropping bombs in Korea, 1951/52

F9F-2s, F9F-3s and F9F-5s served with distinction in the Korean War, mainly as attack aircraft, showing noticeable resistance to anti-aircraft fire; despite their relative slow speed, they also managed in downing two Yak-9s and five Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s with a loss of only one F9F. On 3 July 1950, Lieutenant, junior grade Leonard H. Plog of U.S. Navy's VF-51 flying an F9F-3 scored the first air victory of the war by shooting down a Yak-9. The first MiG-15 downed was on 9 November 1950 by U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander William (Bill) Amen of VF-111 "Sundowners" Squadron flying an F9F-2B. Two more were downed on 18 November 1950, and the other two were downed on the 18 November 1952.^[4] The type was the primary Navy and USMC jet fighter and ground-attack aircraft in the Korean War. Astronaut Neil Armstrong flew the F9F extensively during the war, even ejecting from one of the aircraft when it was brought down by a wire strung across a valley. Future astronaut John Glenn and Boston Red Sox All Star Ted Williams as Marine Corps pilots, also flew the F9F
Panthers were withdrawn from front-line service in 1956, but remained in training roles and with Naval Air Reserve and Marine Air Reserve units until 1958, some continuing to serve in small numbers into the 1960s.^[5]

Argentine Navy

The only foreign buyer of the Panther was the Argentine Naval Aviation, who bought 24 ex-USN aircraft in 1958. The catapults on the then only Argentine carrier, ARA Independencia (V-1), were considered not powerful enough to launch the F9F, so the aircraft were land-based.
The Argentine Panthers were involved in the general mobilization during the 1965 border clash between Argentina and Chile but no combat occurred. They were taken out of service in 1969 due to the lack of spare parts and replaced with A-4Q Skyhawks.^[6]
The Argentine Navy operated the Grumman F-9 Cougar as well.

Variants

Two F9F-2Bs of VF-721 over Korea.

F9F-5s of VF-111 on the USS Lake Champlain in 1953.

F9F-5P reconnaissance aircraft

F9F and AJ Savage of the NATC during in-flight refueling tests in 1953

XF9F-2

The first two prototypes

XF9F-3

The third prototype

F9F-2

First production version, powered by Pratt & Whitney J42 engine.

F9F-2B

Version fitted with underwing racks for bombs and rockets. All F9F-2s were eventually so modified, and the B designation was dropped.

F9F-2P

Unarmed photographic reconnaissance version used in Korea.

F9F-3

Allison J33 powered version produced as insurance against the failure of the J42, 54 built. All converted to J42 power later.

XF9F-4

Prototype used in the development of the F9F-4.

F9F-4

Version with longer fuselage with greater fuel load and powered by J33 engine. Most re-engined with J42s. F9F-4s were the first aircraft to successfully employ blown air, extracted from between the engine's compressor and combustion chambers, to energize the slot flaps, thus achieving a decrease in stalling speed of 9 kn for takeoff and 7 kn on power approach for landing.

F9F-5

Variant of F9F-4, but powered by Pratt & Whitney J48 engine, 616 built.

F9F-5P

Unarmed photo-reconnaissance version, 36 built, longer nose.

F9F-5K

After the F9F Panther was withdrawn operational service, a number of F9F-5s were converted into unmanned target drone aircraft.

F9F-5KD

As drone directors for the F9F-5K drones. Redesignated DF-9E in 1962.

Operators

 Argentina

• Argentine Navy - Argentine Naval Aviation

 United States

• United States Navy
• United States Marine Corps

Specifications (F9F-2 Panther)

3-side view of an F9F Panther.

Data from^{[citation needed]}

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 37 ft 5 in (11.3 m)
• Wingspan: 38 ft 0 in (11.6 m)
• Height: 11 ft 4 in (3.8 m)
• Wing area: 250 ft² (23 m²)
• Empty weight: 9,303 lb (4,220 kg)
• Loaded weight: 14,235 lb (6,456 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 16,450 lb (7,462 kg)
• Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney J42-P-6/P-8 turbojet, 5,950 lbf (26.5 kN) with water injection

Performance

• Maximum speed: 500 kn (575 mph, 925 km/h)
• Range: 1,300 mi (1,100 nmi, 2,100 km)
• Service ceiling: 44,600 ft (13,600 m)
• Rate of climb: 5,140 ft/min (26.1 m/s)
• Wing loading: 71 lb/ft² (350 kg/m²)
• Thrust/weight: 0.42

Armament

• Guns: 4 × 20 mm (0.79 in) M2 cannon, 190 rpg
• Hardpoints: Underwing hardpoints  and provisions to carry combinations of:
  • Rockets: 6 × 5 in (127 mm) rockets on underwing hardpoints
  • Bombs: 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs

Popular culture

The Panther played a prominent role in the 1954 movie Men of the Fighting Lady (also known as Panther Squadron). The F9F was featured in the flying sequences in the 1954 movie The Bridges at Toko-Ri, although in the 1953 James A. Michener novel upon which the movie was based, the main character flew an F2H Banshee.